Classic Persistent FSM

Dependency

Persistent FSMs are part of Pekko persistence, you must add the following dependency in your project:

sbt

val PekkoVersion = "1.0.3"
libraryDependencies += "org.apache.pekko" %% "pekko-persistence" % PekkoVersion

Maven

<properties>
  <scala.binary.version>2.13</scala.binary.version>
</properties>
<dependencyManagement>
  <dependencies>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.apache.pekko</groupId>
      <artifactId>pekko-bom_${scala.binary.version}</artifactId>
      <version>1.0.3</version>
      <type>pom</type>
      <scope>import</scope>
    </dependency>
  </dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
  <dependency>
    <groupId>org.apache.pekko</groupId>
    <artifactId>pekko-persistence_${scala.binary.version}</artifactId>
  </dependency>
</dependencies>

Gradle

def versions = [
  ScalaBinary: "2.13"
]
dependencies {
  implementation platform("org.apache.pekko:pekko-bom_${versions.ScalaBinary}:1.0.3")

  implementation "org.apache.pekko:pekko-persistence_${versions.ScalaBinary}"
}

PersistentFSMAbstractPersistentFSM handles the incoming messages in an FSM like fashion. Its internal state is persisted as a sequence of changes, later referred to as domain events. Relationship between incoming messages, FSM’s states and transitions, persistence of domain events is defined by a DSL.

A Simple Example

To demonstrate the features of the PersistentFSM traitAbstractPersistentFSM, consider an actor which represents a Web store customer. The contract of our “WebStoreCustomerFSMActor” is that it accepts the following commands:

Scala

copysourcesealed trait Command
case class AddItem(item: Item) extends Command
case object Buy extends Command
case object Leave extends Command
case object GetCurrentCart extends Command

Java

copysourcepublic static final class AddItem implements Command {
  private final Item item;

  public AddItem(Item item) {
    this.item = item;
  }

  public Item getItem() {
    return item;
  }
}

public enum Buy implements Command {
  INSTANCE
}

public enum Leave implements Command {
  INSTANCE
}

public enum GetCurrentCart implements Command {
  INSTANCE
}

AddItem sent when the customer adds an item to a shopping cart Buy - when the customer finishes the purchase Leave - when the customer leaves the store without purchasing anything GetCurrentCart allows to query the current state of customer’s shopping cart

The customer can be in one of the following states:

Scala

copysourcesealed trait UserState extends FSMState
case object LookingAround extends UserState {
  override def identifier: String = "Looking Around"
}
case object Shopping extends UserState {
  override def identifier: String = "Shopping"
}
case object Inactive extends UserState {
  override def identifier: String = "Inactive"
}
case object Paid extends UserState {
  override def identifier: String = "Paid"
}

Java

copysourceenum UserState implements PersistentFSM.FSMState {
  LOOKING_AROUND("Looking Around"),
  SHOPPING("Shopping"),
  INACTIVE("Inactive"),
  PAID("Paid");

  private final String stateIdentifier;

  UserState(String stateIdentifier) {
    this.stateIdentifier = stateIdentifier;
  }

  @Override
  public String identifier() {
    return stateIdentifier;
  }
}

LookingAround customer is browsing the site, but hasn’t added anything to the shopping cart Shopping customer has recently added items to the shopping cart Inactive customer has items in the shopping cart, but hasn’t added anything recently Paid customer has purchased the items

Customer’s actions are “recorded” as a sequence of “domain events” which are persisted. Those events are replayed on an actor’s start in order to restore the latest customer’s state:

Scala

copysourcesealed trait DomainEvent
case class ItemAdded(item: Item) extends DomainEvent
case object OrderExecuted extends DomainEvent
case object OrderDiscarded extends DomainEvent
case object CustomerInactive extends DomainEvent

Java

copysourcepublic static final class ItemAdded implements DomainEvent {
  private final Item item;

  public ItemAdded(Item item) {
    this.item = item;
  }

  public Item getItem() {
    return item;
  }
}

public enum OrderExecuted implements DomainEvent {
  INSTANCE
}

public enum OrderDiscarded implements DomainEvent {
  INSTANCE
}

Customer state data represents the items in a customer’s shopping cart:

Scala

copysourcecase class Item(id: String, name: String, price: Float)

sealed trait ShoppingCart {
  def addItem(item: Item): ShoppingCart
  def empty(): ShoppingCart
}
case object EmptyShoppingCart extends ShoppingCart {
  def addItem(item: Item) = NonEmptyShoppingCart(item :: Nil)
  def empty() = this
}
case class NonEmptyShoppingCart(items: Seq[Item]) extends ShoppingCart {
  def addItem(item: Item) = NonEmptyShoppingCart(items :+ item)
  def empty() = EmptyShoppingCart
}

Java

copysourcepublic static class ShoppingCart {
  private final List<Item> items = new ArrayList<>();

  public ShoppingCart(Item initialItem) {
    items.add(initialItem);
  }

  public ShoppingCart() {}

  public List<Item> getItems() {
    return Collections.unmodifiableList(items);
  }

  public ShoppingCart addItem(Item item) {
    items.add(item);
    return this;
  }

  public void empty() {
    items.clear();
  }
}

public static class Item implements Serializable {
  private final String id;
  private final String name;
  private final float price;

  Item(String id, String name, float price) {
    this.id = id;
    this.name = name;
    this.price = price;
  }

  public String getId() {
    return id;
  }

  public float getPrice() {
    return price;
  }

  public String getName() {
    return name;
  }

  @Override
  public String toString() {
    return String.format("Item{id=%s, name=%s, price=%s}", id, price, name);
  }

  @Override
  public boolean equals(Object o) {
    if (this == o) return true;
    if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;

    Item item = (Item) o;

    return item.price == price && id.equals(item.id) && name.equals(item.name);
  }
}

Here is how everything is wired together:

Scala

copysourcestartWith(LookingAround, EmptyShoppingCart)

when(LookingAround) {
  case Event(AddItem(item), _) =>
    goto(Shopping).applying(ItemAdded(item)).forMax(1 seconds)
  case Event(GetCurrentCart, data) =>
    stay().replying(data)
}

when(Shopping) {
  case Event(AddItem(item), _) =>
    stay().applying(ItemAdded(item)).forMax(1 seconds)
  case Event(Buy, _) =>
    goto(Paid).applying(OrderExecuted).andThen {
      case NonEmptyShoppingCart(items) =>
        reportActor ! PurchaseWasMade(items)
        saveStateSnapshot()
      case EmptyShoppingCart => saveStateSnapshot()
    }
  case Event(Leave, _) =>
    stop().applying(OrderDiscarded).andThen {
      case _ =>
        reportActor ! ShoppingCardDiscarded
        saveStateSnapshot()
    }
  case Event(GetCurrentCart, data) =>
    stay().replying(data)
  case Event(StateTimeout, _) =>
    goto(Inactive).forMax(2 seconds)
}

when(Inactive) {
  case Event(AddItem(item), _) =>
    goto(Shopping).applying(ItemAdded(item)).forMax(1 seconds)
  case Event(StateTimeout, _) =>
    stop().applying(OrderDiscarded).andThen {
      case _ => reportActor ! ShoppingCardDiscarded
    }
}

when(Paid) {
  case Event(Leave, _) => stop()
  case Event(GetCurrentCart, data) =>
    stay().replying(data)
}

Java

copysourcestartWith(UserState.LOOKING_AROUND, new ShoppingCart());

when(
    UserState.LOOKING_AROUND,
    matchEvent(
            AddItem.class,
            (event, data) ->
                goTo(UserState.SHOPPING)
                    .applying(new ItemAdded(event.getItem()))
                    .forMax(Duration.ofSeconds(1)))
        .event(GetCurrentCart.class, (event, data) -> stay().replying(data)));

when(
    UserState.SHOPPING,
    matchEvent(
            AddItem.class,
            (event, data) ->
                stay().applying(new ItemAdded(event.getItem())).forMax(Duration.ofSeconds(1)))
        .event(
            Buy.class,
            (event, data) ->
                goTo(UserState.PAID)
                    .applying(OrderExecuted.INSTANCE)
                    .andThen(
                        exec(
                            cart -> {
                              reportActor.tell(new PurchaseWasMade(cart.getItems()), self());
                              saveStateSnapshot();
                            })))
        .event(
            Leave.class,
            (event, data) ->
                stop()
                    .applying(OrderDiscarded.INSTANCE)
                    .andThen(
                        exec(
                            cart -> {
                              reportActor.tell(ShoppingCardDiscarded.INSTANCE, self());
                              saveStateSnapshot();
                            })))
        .event(GetCurrentCart.class, (event, data) -> stay().replying(data))
        .event(
            StateTimeout$.class,
            (event, data) -> goTo(UserState.INACTIVE).forMax(Duration.ofSeconds(2))));

when(
    UserState.INACTIVE,
    matchEvent(
            AddItem.class,
            (event, data) ->
                goTo(UserState.SHOPPING)
                    .applying(new ItemAdded(event.getItem()))
                    .forMax(Duration.ofSeconds(1)))
        .event(GetCurrentCart.class, (event, data) -> stay().replying(data))
        .event(
            StateTimeout$.class,
            (event, data) ->
                stop()
                    .applying(OrderDiscarded.INSTANCE)
                    .andThen(
                        exec(
                            cart ->
                                reportActor.tell(ShoppingCardDiscarded.INSTANCE, self())))));

when(
    UserState.PAID,
    matchEvent(Leave.class, (event, data) -> stop())
        .event(GetCurrentCart.class, (event, data) -> stay().replying(data)));

Scala

copysourceoverride def applyEvent(event: DomainEvent, cartBeforeEvent: ShoppingCart): ShoppingCart = {
  event match {
    case ItemAdded(item)  => cartBeforeEvent.addItem(item)
    case OrderExecuted    => cartBeforeEvent
    case OrderDiscarded   => cartBeforeEvent.empty()
    case CustomerInactive => cartBeforeEvent
  }
}

Java

copysource@Override
public ShoppingCart applyEvent(DomainEvent event, ShoppingCart currentData) {
  if (event instanceof ItemAdded) {
    currentData.addItem(((ItemAdded) event).getItem());
    return currentData;
  } else if (event instanceof OrderExecuted) {
    return currentData;
  } else if (event instanceof OrderDiscarded) {
    currentData.empty();
    return currentData;
  }
  throw new RuntimeException("Unhandled");
}

andThen can be used to define actions which will be executed following event’s persistence - convenient for “side effects” like sending a message or logging. Notice that actions defined in andThen block are not executed on recovery:

Scala

copysourcegoto(Paid).applying(OrderExecuted).andThen {
  case NonEmptyShoppingCart(items) =>
    reportActor ! PurchaseWasMade(items)
}

Java

copysource(event, data) ->
    goTo(UserState.PAID)
        .applying(OrderExecuted.INSTANCE)
        .andThen(
            exec(
                cart -> {
                  reportActor.tell(new PurchaseWasMade(cart.getItems()), self());
                })))

A snapshot of state data can be persisted by calling the saveStateSnapshot() method:

Scala

copysourcestop().applying(OrderDiscarded).andThen {
  case _ =>
    reportActor ! ShoppingCardDiscarded
    saveStateSnapshot()
}

Java

copysource(event, data) ->
    stop()
        .applying(OrderDiscarded.INSTANCE)
        .andThen(
            exec(
                cart -> {
                  reportActor.tell(ShoppingCardDiscarded.INSTANCE, self());
                  saveStateSnapshot();
                })))

On recovery state data is initialized according to the latest available snapshot, then the remaining domain events are replayed, triggering the applyEvent method.

Migration to EventSourcedBehavior

Persistent FSMs can be represented using Persistence Typed. The data stored by Persistence FSM can be read by an EventSourcedBehaviorEventSourcedBehavior using a snapshot adapter and an event adapter. The adapters are required as Persistent FSM doesn’t store snapshots and user data directly, it wraps them in internal types that include state transition information.

Before reading the migration guide it is advised to understand Persistence Typed.

Migration steps

1. Modify or create new commands to include replyTo ActorRefActorRef
2. Typically persisted events will remain the same
3. Create an EventSourcedBehavior that mimics the old PersistentFSM
4. Replace any state timeouts with Behaviors.withTimers either hard coded or stored in the state
5. Add an EventAdapterEventAdapter to convert state transition events added by PersistentFSM into private events or filter them
6. If snapshots are used add a SnapshotAdapterSnapshotAdapter to convert PersistentFSM snapshots into the EventSourcedBehaviors State

The following is the shopping cart example above converted to an EventSourcedBehavior.

The new commands, note the replyTo field for getting the current cart.

Scala

copysourcesealed trait Command
case class AddItem(item: Item) extends Command
case object Buy extends Command
case object Leave extends Command
case class GetCurrentCart(replyTo: ActorRef[ShoppingCart]) extends Command
private case object Timeout extends Command

Java

copysourceinterface Command {}

public static class AddItem implements Command {
  public final Item item;

  public AddItem(Item item) {
    this.item = item;
  }
}

public static class GetCurrentCart implements Command {
  public final ActorRef<ShoppingCart> replyTo;

  public GetCurrentCart(ActorRef<ShoppingCart> replyTo) {
    this.replyTo = replyTo;
  }
}

public enum Buy implements Command {
  INSTANCE
}

public enum Leave implements Command {
  INSTANCE
}

private enum Timeout implements Command {
  INSTANCE
}

The states of the FSM are represented using the EventSourcedBehavior’s state parameter along with the event and command handlers. Here are the states:

Scala

copysourcesealed trait State
case class LookingAround(cart: ShoppingCart) extends State
case class Shopping(cart: ShoppingCart) extends State
case class Inactive(cart: ShoppingCart) extends State
case class Paid(cart: ShoppingCart) extends State

Java

copysourceabstract static class State {
  public final ShoppingCart cart;

  protected State(ShoppingCart cart) {
    this.cart = cart;
  }
}

public static class LookingAround extends State {
  public LookingAround(ShoppingCart cart) {
    super(cart);
  }
}

public static class Shopping extends State {
  public Shopping(ShoppingCart cart) {
    super(cart);
  }
}

public static class Inactive extends State {
  public Inactive(ShoppingCart cart) {
    super(cart);
  }
}

public static class Paid extends State {
  public Paid(ShoppingCart cart) {
    super(cart);
  }
}

The command handler has a separate section for each of the PersistentFSM’s states:

Scala

copysourcedef commandHandler(timers: TimerScheduler[Command])(state: State, command: Command): Effect[DomainEvent, State] =
  state match {
    case LookingAround(cart) =>
      command match {
        case AddItem(item) =>
          Effect.persist(ItemAdded(item)).thenRun(_ => timers.startSingleTimer(StateTimeout, Timeout, 1.second))
        case GetCurrentCart(replyTo) =>
          replyTo ! cart
          Effect.none
        case _ =>
          Effect.none
      }
    case Shopping(cart) =>
      command match {
        case AddItem(item) =>
          Effect.persist(ItemAdded(item)).thenRun(_ => timers.startSingleTimer(StateTimeout, Timeout, 1.second))
        case Buy =>
          Effect.persist(OrderExecuted).thenRun(_ => timers.cancel(StateTimeout))
        case Leave =>
          Effect.persist(OrderDiscarded).thenStop()
        case GetCurrentCart(replyTo) =>
          replyTo ! cart
          Effect.none
        case Timeout =>
          Effect.persist(CustomerInactive)
      }
    case Inactive(_) =>
      command match {
        case AddItem(item) =>
          Effect.persist(ItemAdded(item)).thenRun(_ => timers.startSingleTimer(StateTimeout, Timeout, 1.second))
        case Timeout =>
          Effect.persist(OrderDiscarded)
        case _ =>
          Effect.none
      }
    case Paid(cart) =>
      command match {
        case Leave =>
          Effect.stop()
        case GetCurrentCart(replyTo) =>
          replyTo ! cart
          Effect.none
        case _ =>
          Effect.none
      }
  }

Java

copysource  CommandHandlerBuilder<Command, DomainEvent, State> builder = newCommandHandlerBuilder();

  builder.forStateType(LookingAround.class).onCommand(AddItem.class, this::addItem);

  builder
      .forStateType(Shopping.class)
      .onCommand(AddItem.class, this::addItem)
      .onCommand(Buy.class, this::buy)
      .onCommand(Leave.class, this::discardShoppingCart)
      .onCommand(Timeout.class, this::timeoutShopping);

  builder
      .forStateType(Inactive.class)
      .onCommand(AddItem.class, this::addItem)
      .onCommand(Timeout.class, () -> Effect().persist(OrderDiscarded.INSTANCE).thenStop());

  builder.forStateType(Paid.class).onCommand(Leave.class, () -> Effect().stop());

  builder.forAnyState().onCommand(GetCurrentCart.class, this::getCurrentCart);
  return builder.build();
}

Note that there is no explicit support for state timeout as with PersistentFSM but the same behavior can be achieved using Behaviors.withTimers. If the timer is the same for all events then it can be hard coded, otherwise the old PersistentFSM timeout can be taken from the StateChangeEvent in the event adapter and is also available when constructing a SnapshotAdapter. This can be added to an internal event and then stored in the State. Care must also be taken to restart timers on recovery in the signal handler:

Scala

copysource.receiveSignal {
  case (state, RecoveryCompleted) =>
    state match {
      case _: Shopping | _: Inactive =>
        timers.startSingleTimer(StateTimeout, Timeout, 1.second)
      case _ =>
    }
}

Java

copysource@Override
public SignalHandler<State> signalHandler() {
  return newSignalHandlerBuilder()
      .onSignal(
          RecoveryCompleted.class,
          (state, signal) -> {
            if (state instanceof Shopping || state instanceof Inactive) {
              timers.startSingleTimer(TIMEOUT_KEY, Timeout.INSTANCE, Duration.ofSeconds(1));
            }
          })
      .build();
}

Then the event handler:

Scala

copysourcedef eventHandler(state: State, event: DomainEvent): State = {
  state match {
    case la @ LookingAround(cart) =>
      event match {
        case ItemAdded(item) => Shopping(cart.addItem(item))
        case _               => la
      }
    case Shopping(cart) =>
      event match {
        case ItemAdded(item)  => Shopping(cart.addItem(item))
        case OrderExecuted    => Paid(cart)
        case OrderDiscarded   => state // will be stopped
        case CustomerInactive => Inactive(cart)
      }
    case i @ Inactive(cart) =>
      event match {
        case ItemAdded(item) => Shopping(cart.addItem(item))
        case OrderDiscarded  => i // will be stopped
        case _               => i
      }
    case Paid(_) => state // no events after paid
  }
}

Java

copysource@Override
public EventHandler<State, DomainEvent> eventHandler() {
  EventHandlerBuilder<State, DomainEvent> eventHandlerBuilder = newEventHandlerBuilder();

  eventHandlerBuilder
      .forStateType(LookingAround.class)
      .onEvent(ItemAdded.class, item -> new Shopping(new ShoppingCart(item.getItem())));

  eventHandlerBuilder
      .forStateType(Shopping.class)
      .onEvent(
          ItemAdded.class, (state, item) -> new Shopping(state.cart.addItem(item.getItem())))
      .onEvent(OrderExecuted.class, (state, item) -> new Paid(state.cart))
      .onEvent(OrderDiscarded.class, (state, item) -> state) // will be stopped
      .onEvent(CustomerInactive.class, (state, event) -> new Inactive(state.cart));

  eventHandlerBuilder
      .forStateType(Inactive.class)
      .onEvent(
          ItemAdded.class, (state, item) -> new Shopping(state.cart.addItem(item.getItem())))
      .onEvent(OrderDiscarded.class, (state, item) -> state); // will be stopped

  return eventHandlerBuilder.build();
}

The last step is the adapters that will allow the new EventSourcedBehaviorEventSourcedBehavior to read the old data:

Scala

copysourceclass PersistentFsmEventAdapter extends EventAdapter[DomainEvent, Any] {
  override def toJournal(e: DomainEvent): Any = e
  override def manifest(event: DomainEvent): String = ""
  override def fromJournal(journalEvent: Any, manifest: String): EventSeq[DomainEvent] = {
    journalEvent match {
      case _: StateChangeEvent =>
        // In this example the state transitions can be inferred from the events
        // Alternatively the StateChangeEvent can be converted to a private event if either the StateChangeEvent.stateIdentifier
        // or StateChangeEvent.timeout is required
        // Many use cases have the same timeout so it can be hard coded, otherwise it cane be stored in the state
        EventSeq.empty
      case other =>
        // If using a new domain event model the conversion would happen here
        EventSeq.single(other.asInstanceOf[DomainEvent])
    }

  }
}

Java

copysourcepublic static class PersistentFSMEventAdapter extends EventAdapter<DomainEvent, Object> {

  @Override
  public Object toJournal(DomainEvent domainEvent) {
    // leave events as is, can't roll back to PersistentFSM
    return domainEvent;
  }

  @Override
  public String manifest(DomainEvent event) {
    return "";
  }

  @Override
  public EventSeq<DomainEvent> fromJournal(Object event, String manifest) {
    if (event instanceof org.apache.pekko.persistence.fsm.PersistentFSM.StateChangeEvent) {
      // In this example the state transitions can be inferred from the events
      // Alternatively the StateChangeEvent can be converted to a private event if either the
      // StateChangeEvent.stateIdentifier
      // or StateChangeEvent.timeout is required
      // Many use cases have the same timeout so it can be hard coded, otherwise it cane be stored
      // in the state
      return EventSeq.empty();
    } else {
      // If using a new domain event model the conversion would happen here
      return EventSeq.single((DomainEvent) event);
    }
  }

The snapshot adapter needs to adapt an internal type of PersistentFSM so a helper function is provided to build the SnapshotAdapterSnapshotAdapter:

Scala

copysourceval persistentFSMSnapshotAdapter: SnapshotAdapter[State] = PersistentFSMMigration.snapshotAdapter[State] {
  case (stateIdentifier, data, _) =>
    val cart = data.asInstanceOf[ShoppingCart]
    stateIdentifier match {
      case "Looking Around" => LookingAround(cart)
      case "Shopping"       => Shopping(cart)
      case "Inactive"       => Inactive(cart)
      case "Paid"           => Paid(cart)
      case id               => throw new IllegalStateException(s"Unexpected state identifier $id")
    }
}

Java

copysource@Override
public SnapshotAdapter<State> snapshotAdapter() {
  return PersistentFSMMigration.snapshotAdapter(
      (stateIdentifier, snapshot, timeout) -> {
        ShoppingCart cart = (ShoppingCart) snapshot;
        switch (stateIdentifier) {
          case "Looking Around":
            return new LookingAround(cart);
          case "Shopping":
            return new Shopping(cart);
          case "Inactive":
            return new Inactive(cart);
          case "Paid":
            return new Paid(cart);
          default:
            throw new IllegalStateException("Unexpected state identifier " + stateIdentifier);
        }
      });
}

That concludes all the steps to allow an EventSourcedBehaviorEventSourcedBehavior to read a PersistentFSM’s data. Once the new code has been running you can not roll back as the PersistentFSM will not be able to read data written by Persistence Typed.